@Purple. The point I am making (perhaps not very well) is that the topic, based on the newspaper article, is a loaded insofar as it identifies a near doubling of govt spending in the space of 8 years or so.
On that bare fact alone govt spending is unsustainable and I am not disputing that.
However, what needs to be taken into account is whether €60bn in 2018, the starting point for this topic, was excessive spending in the first instance ? or was it an austere budget? or just right?
Assuming it was just right!
In 2008, govt spending was budgeted for €60bn also. Obviously with the onset of the crash, bailouts, austere measures etc, is it any surprise that 10yrs later the budget was still at €60bn? Then that reflects a period of profound stagnation while Ireland was in bailout programs up to 2014/15?.
Even allowing for an annual average inflation rate of 0.5%, the budget by 2018 should have been around €63bn.
Other factors to consider then from 2018 onwards was the unwinding of Financial Emergency measures of the previous decade that assisted with the recovery and the restoration of public sector pay. I estimate that to be €4bn. Covid measures also cost a pretty a penny and inflationary impact of the Ukraine/Russian war and supply chain disruptions also cost some. Add to that pay increases to keep pace with the rate of inflation (a well-established norm in industrial relations here) then I estimate that the €60bn 'just right!' budget should now be running at around €90bn a year.
Or would you consider €60bn in 2018 to be too high, too low? And at what rate should this govt spending have been increased or decreased between 2018 and today?
The €117bn amounts to an excess of €27bn, or 30% above where a fiscally stable budget should be,
in my opinion, based on the €60bn being 'just right' in 2018 and not a near 100% as the OP infers.
That is, in my opinion, Pascal presided over an excess of 30% of state expenditures in the 8/9 period we are talking about. Or 4% additional spending on average per year.
That 30% has largely been fed by corporate tax receipts.
Where student courses and tuitions fees come into all that is like picking pepper grains out of a salt bag.