passport valid?

Who decides if a passport is valid?.I was refused entry on to a Ryanair flight today.I was told that my passport was damaged.The page with my photo all clearly visible had become detatched from the rear back cover.Have I any recourse? My wife was allowed to board but got off flight? Holiday ruined as a result.There are no pages missing or added to my passport and my photo and details have in no way been tampered with.

Haille said:

... The page with my photo all clearly visible had become detatched from the rear back cover...

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Sounds like you need a replacement passport as that one is clearly not in an acceptable condition.

Yes they have a right. It may have been the case that the immigration at your destination would not have been satisfied with your passport - could be a forgery to them where someone tried to add in new photo or change info - if so they could refuse you entry to their country and Ryanair would be responsible for bringing you back at their expense.
You should have checked if your passport would be acceptable if it was in such tatters.

What a passport that is valid for 1 month only after return trip to U.S. Will this be acceptable or is a longer validity period required ?

Haille said:

I was told that my passport was damaged.

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Had you not spotted the 'damage' yourself? Did you really need to be told it was damaged?